DISEASES
description
Anti-glutamate receptor (NR1) encephalitis is a type of inflammatory encephalopathic autoimmune disease)
See encephalitis.
Symptoms
- Behavior (paranoia, hallucinations, aggression, etc.)
- Cognition
- Memory deficit
- Speech disorder
- Loss of consciousness
- Movement disorder (rhythmic motions with arms or legs, abnormal movements with the face or mouth)
- Seizures
- Autonomic dysfunction
Relevant Dx Tests
- Anti-NMDA Receptor
- Anti‐DPPX (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase‐like 6)
- Anti-VGKC (Voltage gated potassium channel)
- Anti‐GABAB Receptor
- Anti‐AMPA Receptor
- Ganglioside Autoantibody Panel
- Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
- Paraneoplastic Disease Panel PLUS
- Anti‐Myelin Associated Glycoproteins (MAG)
- Anti‐GAD 65 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)
- Neurofilament Heavy Chain
Related Dx Tests
description
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain often caused by infection (viruses), an allergic reaction or the presence of autoantibodies / autoimmune disease. A diagnosis of the autoimmune form of encephalitis has been remarkably improved by the finding of an autoantibody, anti- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR1), in the cerebrospinal fluid or blood of the patient. NMDAR is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells.
Symptoms
- Headache
- Fever
- Aches in muscles or joints
- Fatigue or weakness
- Confusion, agitation or hallucinations
- Seizures
- Loss of sensation or paralysis in certain areas of the face or body
- Muscle weakness
- Problems with speech or hearing
- Loss of consciousness (including coma)
Infants and young children:
- Bulging in the soft spots (fontanels) of an infant’s skull
- Nausea and vomiting
- Body stiffness
- Poor feeding or not waking for a feeding
- Irritability
Relevant Dx Tests
Related Dx Tests
- Anti‐DPPX (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase‐like 6)
- Anti-VGKC (Voltage gated potassium channel)
- Anti‐GABAB Receptor
- Anti‐AMPA Receptor
- Ganglioside Autoantibody Panel
- Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
- Anti‐Myelin Associated Glycoproteins (MAG)
- Anti‐GAD 65 (Glutamate Decarboxylase)
- Neurofilament Heavy Chain
- Sjögren Syndrome / Disease Panel
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Panel
description
Limbic encephalitis is a form of brain inflammation caused by an autoimmune attack where the body produces antibodies against itself. Some cases are associated with cancer and some (particularly in children and younger individuals) are not. Although the disease is called “limbic” encephalitis, it is seldom limited to the limbic system.
Limbic encephalitis is broadly grouped into two types: paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (associated with a tumor) and non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. In cases associated with a tumor, recovery can only follow complete removal of the tumor, which is not always possible. Limbic encephalitis is classified according to the autoantibody associated with the disease. The most common types are:
Anti-Hu (associated with small-cell carcinoma of the lungs).
Anti-Ma2 (associated with germ-cell tumours of the testis).
Anti-NMDAR (associated with tumors of the ovaries, commonly teratomas; but is also seen in individuals without any detectable tumors).
Symptoms
- Severe impairment of short-term memory, with most patients having difficulties in recall
- Epileptic seizures are common and may occur prior to symptoms of memory loss
- Anterograde amnesia (the inability to store new memories after the onset of the condition)
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Irritability
- Personality change
- Acute confusional state
- Hallucinations
- Seizures
- Obsessiveness
- Hyperthermia (increase in body temperature)
- Weight change
- Sleep disturbances
- Endocrine dysfunction
- Aphasia
- Apraxia